![]() CTRL+G brings up the screen capture box and F5 brings up your preferences. If you’re already familiar with KMPlayer, you’ll have no problem adapting to PotPlayer, since it’s essentially exactly the same just smoother and more utilized version. It also has the bonus feature of being able to download a video from URL, which is very handy for giffing from YouTube since it cuts out the process of having to download videos through an alternate downloader. It never crashes, doesn’t lag, the time it takes for a file/DVD to load is less than half the time it took in KMPlayer, it caps scenes slower than KMPlayer which I find a lot easier and you’re not bombarded with ads either. ![]() In the two days I’ve had it, I’ve never made so many gifs. I don’t know how/why everyone isn’t talking about/using this program because it’s a million times better than KMPlayer. But finally I hit the jackpot with PotPlayer. ![]() When I searched for an alternative, every single giffing tutorial I found seemed to say the same thing: KMPlayer is the best program for screencapping on Windows. It always took 10 minutes to start up, I couldn’t manage to cap the scenes for a single gifset without it crashing (and it never recovered so I’d be forced to shut it down and re-start it), downloaded files constantly lagged, audio fell out of sync for no reason and these are just a few of the issues I had with it on a daily basis. Renders do not restore it, refresh rate does not restore it, ultra-hd makes picture worse for some reason, HDR does not cares about it.I’ve struggled with KMPlayer basically since the day I started giffing. Video Compression operation must ignore small details like noise, but you can restore it. The irony is that 'old lossy' gif looks more natural than 'lossless png' Nobody cared about it in analog/crt time, but with hi-res display its actual question So it looks better than 'original' Mario, but it takes 3x bigger file size with noise, I need it to make surfaces more realistic. Also I changed levels, black point is 16, white is 236 Why? I added noise and now surfaces looks more natural. What else? It's 653KB Mario, still PNG, but its size is 3x bigger Yeah, its 'ideal', but you cant see this is real worldīut it uses DITHERING and so it looks more natural and not so smooth like 'ideal' png There is 'original' png lossless png Mario 194 KB Its possible to fix that, but it has nothing common with 'just write HQ in config file' There is a lot of bad things in modern video, and its not render problem. Coders and hackermens are very bad in ergonomic, psychology, they cant think. He does not know history or how something works - if something have words HQ, UltraHD, 10bit so its good, more is betterīut actually not. All he can is to provide some screenshots and 'do you see - another screenshot is more detailed have more colors more resolution' What is the difference between d3d9 and d3d11 for video? May be d3d11 'faster' but how is it better? Video/audio compression based on psychoacoustic modelsĭoes 'hackerman' knows psychoacoustic models, psychology? Smart guy can write something like hackerman If you can write something in text config - you are smart and professional.Įverybody can move sliders or switch checkbox. I know how modern technologies works - all you need is just show that you are smart. ![]() If normal guy not agree with some statement, he can disapprove some arguments Haha, ur stupid its not an argument, why not discuss something? So I'm interested in that aspect as well. And also I noticed that sometimes built-in decoder drops frames when used with madvr, while LAV decoder doesn't, with the same file. I also noticed that sometimes its built-in decoder works faster than LAV decoder, and sometimes vice versa. I'm trying to switch from MPC Home Cinema to Pot Player since it has auto switching profile options. I'm not sure if I'm able to determine which one of them gives the best quality, so I need your help. I've tried madvr, evr, Direct3D 11 Video Renderer, Direct3D9 Video Renderer, Haali Video Renderer (although, it seems that when I choose it, instead, the player loads Direct3D9 Video Renderer for some reason), MPC Video Renderer. At the same time, I've tried several other renderers and some of them, I think, look better than EVR and maybe even no worse than madvr. But now I noticed that in direct comparision, its quality is much worse than madvr's. I used to use Enhanced Video Renderer (custom preset). I know that madvr is considered the best, but I need some alternatives, since my hardware does not always allow to use it with proper performance. ![]()
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![]() Note that many are dual-action killers they combine two chemical classes to overcome bed bugs who have developed pyrethrin resistance. Here's a brief comparison of some of the most common bed bug aerosol sprays used by professionals that are also available to consumers. The two Bedlam products are used commonly by exterminators but they are also available online for purchase by consumers. Hold the can about 8 to 10 inches away and spray. As with Bedlam, use the provided crack and crevice straw to guide the spray. Ortho 0167335 Bug B Gon Insect Killer For Lawns, 20-Pound (Kills 100+ Insects for 3 Months Including Ants, Chinch Bugs, Fleas, and Ticks) 4.4 out of 5 stars 241 59.89 59. Save money on every order with the most current promo codes. It's specifically designed to kill the most pyrethroid-resistant bed bug populations. 1.40kg (3.08 lb) treats up to 125m2 (1,345 ft2) Manual 4731010GBGRETAILCFLNODLBIL.pdf The Home Depot will provide an accessible format of PDFs upon request. Use for the best deals and biggest discounts when you shop online and in-store. Can be used in cracks and crevices around the home, as well as mattresses and box springs. It can be used in all the same places as Bedlam. Over the last few years, the demand for at-home survival suppliesthe kind your suburban neighbor might keep in their garagehas. Introducing a new aerosol product from Ortho., to help you battler your toughest insect problems. So, whether you see insects or not, your lawn is protected. It kills both above and below the surface. It kills 100and insects including ants, fleas, ticks, chinch bugs, spiders, sod webworms, and armyworms. When combined with the synergized phenothrin in Bedlam, it's very effective at killing bed bugs and their eggs. With Ortho Bug B Gon Max Insect Killer for Lawns, you can kill and prevent listed insects from invading your outdoor space for up to 3 months. The product starts to kill within minutes and satisfaction is guaranteed or your money back. This is a synthetic form of nicotine that disrupts the bed bug's nervous system by causing its nerves to fire continuously until they fail. Ortho Bug B Gon Insect Killer for Lawns & Gardens Concentrate kills 235 listed insects, including spiders, ants, fleas, ticks, mosquitoes, and Japanese beetles. Browse through all the furniture sales right here, or check out our full Presidents' Day sales coverage for all the best deals across more categories. Bedlam Plus is an example of an aerosol that combines multiple chemical classes to combat bed bugs who have developed a resistance to pyrethroid killers.īedlam Plus takes all the killing powers of Bedlam and adds a neo nicotinoid, imidacloprid. Off bug spray does a great job protecting your body from mosquitoes, ticks, biting flies, gnats and chiggers. We provide tools, appliances, outdoor furniture, building materials to Kansas City, residents. There are lots of options then if you want to start your year with a home makeover. The Home Depot 8460 isnt just a hardware store. Meanwhile, with spring on the horizon, Home Depot (opens in new tab) is the place to go for outdoor furniture as savings of up to 30% are available. Matching that is budget-friendly brand Overstock (opens in new tab) with its own sale that features 70% off 1000s of items – and, as a bonus, there's free shipping on everything. Use Ortho Bug B-gon products to take care of ants, fleas, ticks and other pesky bugs use to treat your indoor and outdoor areas around your home perimeter. Take Wayfair (opens in new tab), where you can find reductions of up to 70% across loads of furniture and home decor categories. Some familiar faces and big names are back again for another year. We've gathered up all of the best sales on furniture from major retailers and specialist stores for you to check out. Whether you've got your eyes on a new sofa, bed, desk, dining table or any other sorts of fixtures and fittings for the inside or outside of your home you can find some big savings right now. With the holiday weekend here, this year's Presidents' Day furniture sales are now underway. ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() # if it's lower than the threshold, turn it all the way down (0). ![]() # image and, if it's greater than the threshold, turn it all the way up (255), and # the algorithm for the binarization is pretty simple, go through every pixel in the # the threshold value is usually provided as a number between 0 and 255, which # now, lets convert that image to a single greyscale image using convert() For convenience our function will consider only grayscale images but you can easily extend it to RGA.ĭef binarize(image_to_transform, threshold): Let’s give an example of Iterating over Image Pixels and based on a threshold to change the image color to white or black. # it returns 95, as we expected we got only one element within the range of 0-255 By Editing the SharePoint Image gallery web part we can see two options on the right side of the property pane. SharePoint displays images document library Once uploaded in the SharePoint Document library, Edit the SharePoint Image gallery web part. # get the pixel of the top left corner of the grayscale image On the SharePoint site page, select Document Library and upload the images that you want to display. # we get (44, 110, 160) since it is an RGB we expected a tuple of 3-D taking values from 0-255 The command that we use is the “getpixel((x1,x2))” # get the pixel of the top left corner of the RGB image RGB, RGBA, L)? URL = " city=New%20York&state=New%20York&country=USA&image=new-york1" Q: How to get the “mode” of the image (i.e. You should load the following libraries for the following examples: import PIL Finally, there are the Grayscale images where each pixel is 1-D taking values from 0-255. There is also the RGBA where we add another dimension called “ alpha” which indicates how opaque each pixel is, taking values from 0-255 as well. Usually, the images follow the RGBcolor model which means that every pixel is a vector of 3-D, where each position refers to the R (Red), G (Green) and B (Blue) respectively, each one taking values from 0-255. You can find a short tutorial in Pillow here. Today, we will provide an example of how we can get image pixels and how we can change them using the Pillow python library. The first set of images chronicle the early stages of VDMX through its beginnings in Max/MSP (first using the infamous Nato.0+55+3d plugins, then later SoftVNS), its transition into a native macOS application, and then the changes that it has went through in early beta releases of the current version. ![]() ![]() ģ – In the Command Prompt window, type the following command, and then press Enter :Ĥ – If prompted, in the command prompt window, type the following, and then press Enter :ĥ – On CLIENT-10, sign out and then sign in as Windows\Administrator with password that the script runs, displaying the message you configured in the GPO earlier Ģ – Right-click Start, and then click Command Prompt. Ġ3 – Sign in to a client computer and test the resultsġ – On CLIENT-10, sign out and then sign in as Windows\Administrator with password. ġ0 – In the Add a Script dialog box, click Browse.ġ1 – Click the Logon.vbs script, and then click Open.ġ2 – Click OK twice to close all dialog boxes.Ĭlose both the Group Policy Management Editor window and the Group Policy Management Console. ĩ – In the Logon Properties dialog box, click Add. Ĩ – In the details pane, right-click a blank area, and then right-click Paste. Ħ – In the details pane, double-click Logon.ħ – In the Logon Properties dialog box, click Show Files. ĥ – In the Group Policy Management Editor window, under User Configuration, expand Policies, expand Windows Settings, and then click Scripts (Logon/Logoff). Ĥ – Expand Windows.ae, right-click the User Logon Script GPO, and then click Edit. ģ – In the New GPO dialog box, in the Name text box, type User Logon Script, and then click OK. Ġ2 – Create and link a GPO to use the scriptġ – Open Server Manager, click Tools, and then click Group Policy Management.Ģ – Expand Forest: Windows.ae, and then expand Domains, Right-click Windows.ae, and then click Create a GPO in this domain and Link it here. then navigation pane, click Desktop, and then click Save.ĥ – On the D esktop, right-click the Logon.vbs file, and then click Copy. Ĥ – In the Save As dialog box, in the File name text box, type Logon.vbs. Ģ – In Notepad, type the following command, and then press Enter:ģ – Click the File menu, and then click Save As. Client PC running Windows 10 (CLIENT-10)Ġ1 – Create a logon script to display a messageġ – On DC-CLOUD, click Start, type Notepad, and then click Notepad.Assign scripts to the computer to run in the security context of the Local System account.Delete the contents of temporary directories. ![]() Clean up desktops when users sign out and shut down computers.There might be actions that you need to perform every time a computer starts up or shuts down, or when users sign in or sign out. You can use Group Policy scripts to perform a number of tasks. Group Policy settings for applying scripts ![]() ![]() ![]() Upload screen captures by build-in FTP engine (File Transfer Protocol). To capture the screen, you can click the icon on the system tray to activate the menu as displayed bellow, or use the hotkeys of the application. After starting the application, it will run in background on the system tray. Send screen captures by build-in e-mail (supports Exchange Server). Free Screen Snapshot Editor is free to download and install. Send screen captures to Paint or to your favorite image editing program. Automatically save screen captures, automatic filename generation. Supports multiple monitors and Dualview. Include mousepointer, play sound on capture. Run minimized or minimize to System Tray area. Save in BMP, GIF, JPEG, PCX, PNG, PSD, and TIFF formats. Options to specify output destination (file, editor, clipboard, printer, e-mail). Global configurable hotkeys to instantly activate screen capturing. Capture screen, window, rectangular area. ![]() Other features include global hotkeys, automatically save screen captures, automatic filename generation and support for external editors. You can also send screen captures as an attachment with the build-in e-mail engine, or upload them via FTP. ![]() SnapShot is a no nonsense screen capturing tool that allows you to grab your desktop, window, or any part of the screen and save it as JPG or PNG (all the usual popular formats are available) or send it straight to your favorite editor, for further editing. SnapShot comes as a ZIP file but installs and uninstalls without issues. Anyone seeking a simple screen-capture utility should give it a try. Overall, we found SnapShot to be easy to work with and we were quite happy with its performance. The program doesn't have a Help file per se, but it does come with a ReadMe file that that contains basic notes about its usage. You can also select JPEG quality and select from seven different file types for saving or sending images. There are plenty of ways to customize SnapShot's behavior: you can specify the default image editor, have the program hide its taskbar button, and automatically save captured images to a specific directory. Once the image is loaded in SnapShot, you can copy it to the clipboard, send it to Paint or an image editor, e-mail the image, or upload it using FTP. SnapShot uses hot keys to let you capture the entire screen, the active window, or a specific area of the screen that you can select with the mouse. The program's interface is plain, with a viewing area in which you can see your most recent screen capture and a few menus across the top that give you access to the program's settings. It has plenty of useful tools and options, but it's still simple enough to master within a minute or two. SnapShot is a program that doesn't go to either extreme. Screen-capture utilities come in a lot of different flavors some are so basic that they're barely useful, while others are jam-packed with complex features. ![]() ![]() ![]() It is the best tool for keeping tabs on your kid's or family's phone. Safely record Skype calls and protect your kids from harmful things on the internet using this tool!Īlthough this app is well-known for its parental control abilities, people don't know that it can also be used as a Skype recording tool. The AirDroid Parental Control app offers a one-way audio recording feature, allowing you to record Skype calls without others knowing. Step 3: When you're done recording, tap on Stop recording or end the call to stop recording the Skype call.ĪirDroid Call Recorder is first on our list of the best Skype call recorders. Step 2: Tap on the three dots option, and select Start recording from the drop-down menu to start recording the Skype call. Step 1: Launch Skype app on your iOS or Android device and start a Skype call. To understand how to record Skype call on your Android or iOS device, follow the steps below: Step 3: To stop recording before the call is over, click Stop recording at the top of the screen or hang up. Each participant in your Skype call will get a notification bar at the top of their screen, letting them know the call is being recorded. Step 2: Click on Record button to begin the recording. Step 1: On your Mac or PC, Launch Skype and make a call as you normally would. To understand how to record a Skype call on a PC or Mac, follow the steps below: If you wish to know how to record a Skype video call or audio call on your device, the following section will help: 1On Desktop It is quick, fast, and you can record without any other tool. Skype offers a built-in recording feature that allows you to record calls and meetings on the platform. ![]() Want to give it a go yourself? Check out the quick steps below: Creating a screen recording with Lync or Skype for Business is fairly simple.Part 2: How to Record Skype Calls by Skype Recording? Never let perfection stand in the way of progress. It might not be a perfect solution, but at least your moving forward! He had shared them with his manager and both were happy with the result!Īs you can see, there is a solution for every problem it's all a matter of #doingmorewithless. A little twinkle appear in his eyes.Ī day later he contacted me, overjoyed, that he had just finished his first set of screen-cast videos. ![]() you host a meeting with just yourself, share your desktop or application and record the how-to videos?". Cool! he'd actually used that before, so he knew how to record an online meeting. When I pointed that out to Bob he told me he had done that a couple of times but doesn't use it often. ![]() Slides that have been shared, including the narration are recorded and available as some sort of movie file. As you may be aware, these kind of tools often have the possibility to record your meeting session. I asked him if they used an online meeting platform. Make better and smarter use of what you've got by looking beyond how tools are commonly used and start looking at how you can use them to meet your needs. During their session Jane and Jo highlighted how you can do more with less. It's true that in ever faster spinning hamster-wheel of life we often overlook what is right in front of us. Low and behold, Bob didn't realize he already had a tool he could use only he never thought of using it that way.Įver since attending the session of Jane Bozarth and Jo Cook at Online Educa Berlin'16 I've had an extra eye out for such 'I can't' remarks. Recently I spoke with someone, let's call him 'Bob', that wanted to start recording quick how-to videos but he stated that he did not have the right software and wouldn't be able to get the budget to acquire it. I often talk to L&D professionals that share their concerns regarding the lack of budget, resources and tools. ![]() ![]() ![]() The body produces an antibody called immunoglobulin, which triggers mast cells in the mucous lining of the eyes and releases inflammatory substance, such as histamines. Allergic pink eye is the eye’s response to an allergy-causing substance, such as pollen, animal hair or house dust mites. Allergic conjunctivitis affects both eyes, as opposed to viral or bacterial pink eye that can affect only one or both eyes. Pink eye can also be caused by an allergy or irritation in the eye, and it’s encountered in up to 40 percent of the population. It also remains contagious as long as the eyes are red, usually between 10–12 days. Viral conjunctivitis usually resolves itself within two to four weeks, and it cannot be cured by antibiotics. Viral pink eye is typically caused by adenovirus, but other viruses, such as herpes simplex, varicella zoster, picornavirus, poxvirus and HIV may also be the cause of the infection. Viral conjunctivitis has similar symptoms to bacterial pink eye, but the eyes typically secrete a more watery fluid.
![]() ![]() ![]() Over the last couple of years, Apple has been using its own M1 and M2 processors in its hardware, as opposed to the Intel processors that were found in previous generations. Read More: Is Steam On Nintendo Switch?.For instance, you may want to lie in bed and work your way through your game library, rather than be sat at your PC. This is a great way of having more flexibility in your gaming. You must have the game already installed on your PC, otherwise, it won't work. Select a game from the list to start playing.If your signal strength is sufficient, click Start Playing to open your PC’s game Library on your Mac. Steam will then test your connection (hence the recommendation for a wired connection). Enter that number on your Mac device when prompted, to link your devices. Free To Play Games Your Store New & Noteworthy Categories Points Shop News Labs Free To Play Games Sign in to view additional items selected just for you. A PIN will appear on the host PC’s screen.Click the device’s name from the list once it appears. Link will search your network for your PC.It is the sequel to the 1996 Team Fortress mod for Quake and its 1999 remake, Team Fortress Classic. It's worth noting that some games will work with a keyboard and mouse. Team Fortress 2 44 languages View history Team Fortress 2 is a 2007 multiplayer first-person shooter game developed and published by Valve Corporation. Follow the on-screen instructions to pair your controller, or click Skip if you’re using a different input device.With that in mind, here are 14 of the best free-to-play games on Steam. Open Link on your Mac and click Get Started. The best free Steam games are those that have an active player base, continued developer support, and no sleazy pay-to-win tactics.Make sure your PC and Mac are connected to the same local network.Download Steam Link from the macOS App Store.Assuming you have the equipment you need, this is what you do: The app will tell you if a game is compatible or not. You also need to be mindful that to use Link, you may need a compatible Steam controller. Valve strongly advises that your devices are connected to your router via Ethernet, for the strongest possible connection. You’ll need to be running macOS 10.13 or higher. There are a few recommendations on how you set things up. Best co-op horror games on steam Searching for thrilling horror-themed games to play with your friends Check out this list compiled by the community containing some of the best multiplayer horror games on Steam. Nowadays their main focus is on operating this giant, digital download store. Steam is owned by Valve, who made some popular games in the past, most notably Half Life. Read More: Steam Controller Not Working: How To Fix Steam Not Detecting Controller Issue Steam is one of the biggest download platforms for digital games and offers a wide variety of couch co-op games for Windows, Linux and macOS. We Went Back Stay Awake at Night With These Free Horror Games 1. ![]() ![]() ![]() Culture, communications and political economy. The Whole World Is Watching: Mass Media in the making and Unmaking of the New Left. ![]() Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Vol. Media Construction of Identity through Moral Panics: Discourses of Immigration in Slovenia. Framing: Toward Clarification of a Fractured Paradigm. Interethnic Contact, Identity, and Psychological Adjustment: The Mediating and Moderating Roles of Communication. Media’s the Otherness Frames in Korea: Comparative Time Series Analysis of The Otherness Frames between Hankyoureh Shinmoon and Chosun Ilbo. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves. These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. It takes the global immigrant experiences of countries from the West and applies parts of that learning to the local South Korean immigrant scenario, particularly with regard to media reportage of immigrants. This paper thus introduces the idea of Korean multiculturalism through analysis of its media representation of immigrant issues. However, the process of Korean multicultural transformation differs from other traditional immigrant countries it is therefore impossible to apply their findings entirely to the South Korean experience. These countries and regions have come a long way towards building multicultural, peaceful societies: some of their efforts are evaluated as successful while some others are not. In order to build a peaceful society, South Korea must seek lessons from countries well-versed in encounters with immigrants in their histories countries such as the United States and Canada, and regions such as the European Union. It said its sustainable energy solutions have already prevented 1.5 billion cubic tons of CO2 from being emitted into the atmosphere.South Korea today is well on its way to joining the list of countries all over the world dealing with the impact of immigration and immigrant communities. Vestas has so far supplied 160 gigawatts of wind turbines installed in 88 countries. Trade, Industry and Energy Minister Lee Chang-yang, who took part in the ceremony in Davos, said that Vestas’ investment is meaningful as Korea can boost cooperation with the global leader in the wind power market. ![]() The UAE announced a decision to invest $30 billion (about 37 trillion won) in South Korea’s nuclear power, energy and defense sectors on January 15 after Yoon held a summit with UAE President Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan in Abu Dhabi. He added Vestas’ partnership with Korea can contribute to the country’s economy and its capacity to respond to climate change.Ī presidential official said that Yoon was actively engaged in “sales diplomacy” to attract foreign investments and forge a partnership with global firms in various sectors, while taking part in the World Economic Forum (WEF) in Davos.īefore attending the forum, President Yoon made a four-day state visit to the United Arab Emirates (UAE) to strengthen a strategic partnership between the two countries. Korea’s partnership with Vestas came after President Yoon and Danish Prime Minister Mette Frederiksen agreed during their meeting in June 2022 that the two countries will expand investment in each other’s offshore wind power industries.ĬEO Andersen was quoted as saying that his company’s investment in South Korea will help boost the Asian country’s wind power sector and create about 1,000 jobs. The office quoted President Yoon Suk-yeol, who attended the ceremony, as saying that Vestas’ investment and transfer of its Asia-Pacific headquarters to Korea will help the country become a wind production hub in the region and find a new export engine. Henrik Andersen, president and CEO of Vestas, announced the decision during a ceremony for strengthening partnership in sustainable energy solutions at a hotel in Davos, Switzerland, on January 18, the South Korean presidential office said. The Danish company has also disclosed a plan to move its Asia-Pacific headquarters from Singapore to Korea. SEOUL - Vestas Wind Systems, the world’s top producer of wind turbines, has decided to invest $300 million (370 billion won) in South Korea to build a turbine parts factory. At left is Korea’s Trade, Industry and Energy Minister Lee Chang-yang. Andersen announced a plan to invest $300 million in Korea to build a turbine parts factory. South Korean President Yoon Suk-yeol, center, poses with Henrik Andersen, president and CEO of Vestas Wind Systems, at a hotel in Davos, Switzerland, on January 18, during a ceremony for strengthening partnership in sustainable energy solutions. ![]() ![]() ![]() Those tiny loops of string whose harmonics were thought to breathe form into every particle and force known to nature (including elusive gravity) hardly even appear anymore on chalkboards at conferences. The upshot is that string theory today includes much that no longer seems stringy. Some dig deep into particular crevices others zoom out to try to make sense of grander patterns. The more closely people explore any one corner, the more structure they find. String theory today looks almost fractal. “Nobody knows whether to say they’re a string theorist anymore,” said Chris Beem, a mathematical physicist at the University of Oxford. “It’s hard to say really where you should draw the boundary around and say: This is string theory this is not string theory,” said Douglas Stanford, a physicist at the IAS. It’s so ubiquitous that “even if you shut down all the string theory groups, people in condensed matter, people in cosmology, people in quantum gravity will do it,” Dijkgraaf said. The mathematics that have come out of string theory have been put to use in fields such as cosmology and condensed matter physics - the study of materials and their properties. “Things have gotten almost postmodern,” said Dijkgraaf, who is a painter as well as mathematical physicist. Its tentacles have reached so deeply into so many areas in theoretical physics, it’s become almost unrecognizable, even to string theorists. Like many a maturing beauty, string theory has gotten rich in relationships, complicated, hard to handle and widely influential. “We’ve been trying to aim for the successes of the past where we had a very simple equation that captured everything,” said Robbert Dijkgraaf, the director of the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey. Coming off the momentum of completing the solid and powerful “standard model” of particle physics in the 1970s, they hoped the story would repeat - only this time on a mammoth, all-embracing scale. Many, in retrospect, realized they had raised the bar too high. “The last 20 years have really been a great extension of theoretical tools, but very little progress on understanding what’s actually out there.” “After a certain point in the early ’90s, people gave up on trying to connect to the real world,” Gross said. The complexities of string theory, all the possible permutations, refused to reduce to a single one that described our world. “We even thought for a while in the mid-’80s that it was a unique theory.”Īnd then physicists began to realize that the dream of one singular theory was an illusion. A moment,” said David Gross, an original player in the so-called Princeton String Quartet, a Nobel Prize winner and permanent member of the Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics at the University of California, Santa Barbara. No one knew just how the dimensions were compactified - the possibilities for doing so appeared to be endless - but surely some configuration would turn out to be just what was needed to produce familiar forces and particles.įor a time, many physicists believed that string theory would yield a unique way to combine quantum mechanics and gravity. These dimensions were folded in on themselves - or “compactified” - into complex origami shapes. The strings were too small to be probed by experiment and lived in as many as 11 dimensions of space. ![]() To be sure, the theory came with unsettling implications. At last, it seemed, here was a workable theory of quantum gravity.Įven more beautiful than the story told in words was the elegance of the math behind it, which had the power to make some physicists ecstatic. For one, quantum uncertainty couldn’t rip space-time to shreds. Avoiding the infinitely small meant avoiding a variety of catastrophes. The vibrations would sing out quarks, electrons, gluons and photons, as well as their extended families, producing in harmony every ingredient needed to cook up the knowable world. It seemed, to paraphrase Michael Faraday, much too wonderful not to be true: Simply replace infinitely small particles with tiny (but finite) vibrating loops of string. String theory strutted onto the scene some 30 years ago as perfection itself, a promise of elegant simplicity that would solve knotty problems in fundamental physics - including the notoriously intractable mismatch between Einstein’s smoothly warped space-time and the inherently jittery, quantized bits of stuff that made up everything in it. ![]() |
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